Indigenous chicken breeds in Nigeria are highly valued for their adaptability, disease resistance, and ability to thrive in low-input systems. However, their egg production is significantly lower than commercial breeds, limiting their economic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and productivity of five Nigerian indigenous chicken breeds (Yoruba, Fulani, Tiv, Igbo, and Hausa ecotype) with a focus on improving egg production while maintaining their adaptability. Atotal of 300 hens were sampled, and phenotypic data on egg production traits (number of eggs per week, egg weight, and laying frequency) were collected over a 24-week period. Genetic diversity was assessed using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and heritability estimates for egg production traits were calculated using BLUPF90 software. The results showed significant variation in egg production across the breeds, with the Yoruba ecotype exhibited the highest egg-laying performance (4.38 eggs per week) while the Fulani ecotype produced the heaviest egg (52g). The heritability estimates for egg production traits were moderate, ranging from 0.32 for laying frequency to 0.40 for egg weight. The genetic correlations between egg production and adaptability traits were positive and low. It concludes that a reasonable genetic improvement can be embarked on, in these ecotypes through selective breeding to improve egg production and consequently not compromise the chickens’ ability to thrive in local environments.